• January 3, 2023

GS Paper 1

GS Paper 2

VVP (Vibrant Village Programme)

Preliminaries

The Union Home Minister requests border-guarding personnel to support the Vibrant Village Program and guarantee that welfare initiatives are carried out.

The following are the main issues raised by HM: Although fencing and soldiers on the ground were required, borders can only be genuinely protected when “we establish villages with people who are concerned for the country.”

Regarding the VVP

To improve the infrastructure in border communities along India’s border with China, it was announced in the 2022–23 budget.

Housing, tourism development, road infrastructure, renewable energy, livelihood creation, etc. are some of the activities.

increases community awareness of border management

Other programmes of a similar nature include the Border Infrastructure and Management Scheme and the Border Area Development Programme (BADP).

Social Cooperative

Governmental initiatives and policies

Shri Amit Shah, Union Minister of Housing and Cooperation, opened the Mega Dairy in Mandya, Karnataka.

Key highlighted:

In the following three years, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and Ministry of Cooperation will establish primary dairy in every panchayat of the nation. Amul and Nandini will collaborate to establish a primary dairy in every village of Karnataka, and in that time, there won’t be a single village in that state without a primary dairy.

Computerization of 63,000 PACS is being done nationwide to increase transparency in cooperatives for a cost of Rs 2,500 crore.

70% of farmers in the nation are covered by the cooperative through PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Society).

Karnataka cooperatives: The Nandini brand pays around 23 lakh farmers, the majority of whom are women, Rs 28 crore every day, improving their standard of living.

The cooperative movement began in Karnataka in 1905 with the establishment of the nation’s first cooperative association (Cooperative in banking was 1st established in 1903 in Bengal)

In Karnataka, there are currently 15,210 village-level cooperative dairies, and every day, 26.22 lakh farmers give their milk through 16 district-level dairies, and Rs 28 crore enters their accounts.

9 lakh cooperatives exist in India, out of the 30 lakh cooperatives that exist worldwide.

India’s populace is 91 percent affiliated with cooperatives in some capacity, and cooperatives provide PACS coverage to 70 percent of the nation’s farmers.

Contributions: Cooperative societies account for 19% of our agriculture financing, 35% of fertiliser distribution, 30% of fertiliser production, 40% of sugar production, 13% of wheat procurement, and 20% of paddy procurement.

Cooperative is Mass Production for and by the Masses.

Effective models: Amul, Kribhco, IFFCO, and Lizzat Papad have provided the globe with a successful example.

Farmers’ fortunes have transformed as a result of the White Revolution in Gujarat, and Amul deposits 60,000 crore rupees into the bank accounts of roughly 36 lakh women every year.

Other government initiatives

an independent “Ministry of Cooperation” with the “Sahkar se Samriddhi” vision (Prosperity through Cooperation)

The Ksheer Bhagya plan Through cooperatives, the Karnataka government offers free milk to schools and Anganwadis five days a week (KMF).

Constitutional Provisions: The Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011, established a new Part IXBright regulating the cooperatives operating in India, after Part IXA (Municipals).

Section 19(1)(c): In Article 19(1), the phrase “cooperatives” was added after “unions and associations” (c). This gives cooperatives the status of a fundamental citizen right, enabling all citizens to create them.

Article 43B, titled “Promotion of Cooperative Societies,” was added to the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV).

56 public schools in Punjab now have caste names.

Governmental initiatives and policies

Context: 56 state-run schools with names that made reference to any caste or community were given new names by the Punjab government.

The bulk of the 28 schools on the list, according to a review of the list, contained the word “Bazigar” after their names, mostly because those colonies are home to people from the Bazigar community. In Punjab, Bazigar is a recognised Scheduled Caste community.

In a state where casteism is still pervasive, especially in rural regions where there are still separate gurdwaras and cremation grounds for persons from Scheduled Castes, the Punjab government’s decision to remove references to caste or community from school names gains significance.

The schools now go by new names that are either derived from the names of the nearby villages, heroes, martyrs, or well-known individuals. For instance, the GPS Bhim Rao Ambedkar Mission has replaced the name of the Government Primary School, Balmiki Mohalla in Block-3 of Samana (Patiala).

Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions, and Bodies Established for the Protection and Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections Issued by NCW on Sexual Harassment Prevention

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act of 2013 has been vigorously enforced at coaching centres and educational institutions, the National Commission for Women (NCW) has requested.

The Commission has also requested that awareness campaigns on the Act be held among all interested parties in order to guarantee that instances of sexual harassment at work are properly and efficiently reported.

to guarantee that the people in charge of running these coaching centres have their backgrounds checked and that the centres are registered with the appropriate authorities.

Act of 2013 against Sexual Harassment of Women at Work:

Background:

The Supreme Court established the Vishakha Guidelines (in Vishakha and others v. The State of Rajasthan, 1997) with the main objective of developing a framework for processes for handling complaints about workplace sexual misconduct.

 These rules served as the inspiration for the Act of 2013.

Concerning the Act of 2013:

Its objective is to protect women’s rights at work and provide a safer environment for them there. It also provides a platform for both preventing and solving issues.

Provisions of the Act: The Act is applicable to both organised and unorganised sectors in all industries.

It describes a workplace as an expanded space that includes every location that an employee goes to while performing work-related duties, such as a place of transportation.

Any company or organisation with more than 10 workers must set up an internal complaint committee (ICC) to investigate and respond to claims of sexual harassment.

For each district with fewer than ten employees, there is a local complaints committee.

Employer responsibilities: The employer is required to inform employees on the composition of the ICC as well as the legal repercussions of engaging in sexual harassment-related activities.

Penalties: If an employer violates the rules, a Rs. 50,000 fine may be assessed and the licence may be suspended.

A female who has been wronged has three months (the SC says this can be extended) to file a written complaint with the ICC.

The committee may attempt to mediate a resolution before opening an investigation.

The Committee has the same power as a civil court when it comes to ordering the investigation, which must be finished in 90 days, and it operates in accordance with natural justice principles.

Legal problems and loopholes:

This law is not gender-neutral.

The ICC constitution is referenced in law in a highly ambiguous manner (includes only personnel from the company itself).

Actions against malicious complaints might deter women from reporting crimes.

Conclusion: If public knowledge, sensitivity, and effective execution are ensured, a law as groundbreaking as Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace will have significant social ramifications.

The National Commission for Women Act, 1990 established the National Commission for Women (NCW), a statutory body of the Government of India, on January 31, 1992.

The following are the things it is mandated to do: Review the constitutional and legal protections for women; Make recommendations for corrective legislation;

Facilitate the resolution of disputes and provide government advice on all issues of policy that affect women.

Investigate and look into any issues relating to the protections offered to women by the Constitution and other laws.

Inform the Central Government of the success of those measures.

Include suggestions for the efficient implementation of certain protections in such reports.

Make legislative amendments to fix any shortcomings in the statute.

Investigate complaints and take action on your own when women’s rights are being violated.

GS Paper 3

Preliminary context for basmati rice: The new authenticity regulations seek to ban inferior kinds from sale.

What are the problems?

Nearly three-quarters of the world’s basmati rice is produced in India, yet a large number of recently developed types lack the distinctive popcorn-like scent that makes this rice so coveted.

In order to remove inferior types (sub-standards) of basmati off the market, the UK and EU rice organisations have proposed new regulations that will go into effect at the beginning of 2023.

What kind of rice is considered Basmati Rice?

Grain must meet specific requirements in order to be classified as basmati, including aroma (caused by the BADH2 gene), grain length and width, and cooked texture. They must also have a moderate amount of amylose, a component of the rice’s starch.

Since 2017, the Indian Patent Office has granted GI status to Basmati rice, preserving the long-grain, fragrant rice’s global exclusivity.

Event of tidal disturbance

Space Context: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) telescopes recently caught a gigantic black hole gorging on a star.

The term “tidal disruption event” refers to the astronomical phenomena of a black hole destroying a star (TDE)

TDE information: A tidal force is the variation in gravity between two places. A body will get disrupted if the tidal force acting on it is larger than the intermolecular force holding it together.

The star nearby gets disturbed by a black hole’s tidal force during a TDE. The gravitational pull of the black hole attracts the other half of the star’s debris, leaving about half of it on its original course. A tidal disruption event, also known as a short-lived flare of emission, is caused by the slow increase of this material tied to the black hole.

The phenomenon, officially known as AT2021ehb, occurred in a galaxy with a black hole at its centre that has a mass around 10 million times that of the sun.

Astronomers are drawn to TDEs due to their observability, brief lifetime, and the chance to learn more about how black holes’ gravitational pull affect the environment.

India is a significant market for cloud services with a sizable start-up ecosystem.

Science and technology developments, as well as how they are applied and impact daily life Context: One of the biggest cloud service providers in India, AWS, has offered start-up credits that let aspiring entrepreneurs access a range of services, including hosting, computation, and storage, for free.

India has the third-largest startup industry worldwide. In India, there are now 84,012 registered startups, up from 452 in 2016 during the previous five years.

While startups in India operate in a range of sectors, including financial technology, gaming, and health technology, many of them are located on the cloud—the online servers and data storage.

Numerous incentives are being provided by data storage businesses to entice and keep these cloud-based start-ups on their systems.

Cloud Computing: What is it?

With pay-as-you-go (pay for a service before you use it) pricing, it is the on-demand supply of IT resources (computing power, storage, and databases) over the Internet from a cloud provider like AWS.

 Active Village Program (VVP)

Prelims

Context: Border-guarding forces are being urged by the Union Home Minister to support the Vibrant Village Program and guarantee that welfare initiatives are carried out.

HM’s key points are as follows: Fences and soldiers on the ground were required, but only when “we construct villages with people who are concerned for the country” can borders be genuinely protected.

regarding the VVP

To improve the infrastructure in border communities along India’s border with China, it was announced in the 2022–23 budget.

Housing, tourism development, road infrastructure, renewable energy, livelihood creation, etc. are some of the activities.

increases community awareness of border management

Other programmes of a similar nature include the Border Infrastructure and Management Scheme and the Border Area Development Programme (BADP).

Social cooperative

Governmental initiatives and policies

Shri Amit Shah, Union Minister of Housing and Cooperation, opened the Mega Dairy in Mandya, Karnataka.

Key Details are highlighted:

In the following three years, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and Ministry of Cooperation will establish primary dairy in every panchayat of the nation. Amul and Nandini will collaborate to establish a primary dairy in every village of Karnataka, and in that time, there won’t be a single village in that state without a primary dairy.

Computerization of 63,000 PACS is being done nationwide to increase transparency in cooperatives for a cost of Rs 2,500 crore.

70% of farmers in the nation are covered by the cooperative through PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Society).

Karnataka cooperatives: The Nandini brand pays around 23 lakh farmers, the majority of whom are women, Rs 28 crore every day, improving their standard of living.

The cooperative movement began in Karnataka in 1905 with the establishment of the nation’s first cooperative association (Cooperative in banking was 1st established in 1903 in Bengal)

In Karnataka, there are currently 15,210 village-level cooperative dairies, and every day, 26.22 lakh farmers give their milk through 16 district-level dairies, and Rs 28 crore enters their accounts.

9 lakh cooperatives exist in India, out of the 30 lakh cooperatives that exist worldwide.

India’s populace is 91 percent affiliated with cooperatives in some capacity, and cooperatives provide PACS coverage to 70 percent of the nation’s farmers.

Contributions: Cooperative societies account for 19% of our agriculture financing, 35% of fertiliser distribution, 30% of fertiliser production, 40% of sugar production, 13% of wheat procurement, and 20% of paddy procurement.

Cooperative is Mass Production for and by the Masses.

Effective models: Amul, Kribhco, IFFCO, and Lizzat Papad have provided the globe with a successful example.

Farmers’ fortunes have transformed as a result of the White Revolution in Gujarat, and Amul deposits 60,000 crore rupees into the bank accounts of roughly 36 lakh women every year.

Other government initiatives

an independent “Ministry of Cooperation” with the “Sahkar se Samriddhi” vision (Prosperity through Cooperation)

The Ksheer Bhagya plan Through cooperatives, the Karnataka government offers free milk to schools and Anganwadis five days a week (KMF).

Constitutional provisions: The Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011, established a new Part IXBright regulating the cooperatives operating in India, after Part IXA (Municipals).

Section 19(1)(c): In Article 19(1), the phrase “cooperatives” was added after “unions and associations” (c). This gives cooperatives the status of a fundamental citizen right, enabling all citizens to create them.

Article 43B, titled “Promotion of Cooperative Societies,” was added to the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV).

56 public schools in Punjab now have caste names.

Governmental initiatives and policies

Context: 56 state-run schools with names that made reference to any caste or community were given new names by the Punjab government.

The bulk of the 28 schools on the list, according to a review of the list, contained the word “Bazigar” after their names, mostly because those colonies are home to people from the Bazigar community. In Punjab, Bazigar is a recognised Scheduled Caste community.

In a state where casteism is still pervasive, especially in rural regions where there are still separate gurdwaras and cremation grounds for persons from Scheduled Castes, the Punjab government’s decision to remove references to caste or community from school names gains significance.

The schools now go by new names that are either derived from the names of the nearby villages, heroes, martyrs, or well-known individuals. For instance, the GPS Bhim Rao Ambedkar Mission has replaced the name of the Government Primary School, Balmiki Mohalla in Block-3 of Samana (Patiala).

Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions, and Bodies Established for the Protection and Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections Issued by NCW on Sexual Harassment Prevention

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act of 2013 has been vigorously enforced at coaching centres and educational institutions, the National Commission for Women (NCW) has requested.

The Commission has also requested that awareness campaigns on the Act be held among all interested parties in order to guarantee that instances of sexual harassment at work are properly and efficiently reported.

to guarantee that the people in charge of running these coaching centres have their backgrounds checked and that the centres are registered with the appropriate authorities.

Act of 2013 against Sexual Harassment of Women at Work:

Background:

The Supreme Court established the Vishakha Guidelines (in Vishakha and others v. The State of Rajasthan, 1997) with the main objective of developing a framework for processes for handling complaints about workplace sexual misconduct.

These rules served as the inspiration for the Act of 2013.

Concerning the Act of 2013:

Its objective is to protect women’s rights at work and provide a safer environment for them there. It also provides a platform for both preventing and solving issues.

Provisions of the Act: The Act is applicable to both organised and unorganised sectors in all industries.

It describes a workplace as an expanded space that includes every location that an employee goes to while performing work-related duties, such as a place of transportation.

Any company or organisation with more than 10 workers must set up an internal complaint committee (ICC) to investigate and respond to claims of sexual harassment.

For each district with fewer than ten employees, there is a local complaints committee.

Employer responsibilities: The employer is required to inform employees on the composition of the ICC as well as the legal repercussions of engaging in sexual harassment-related activities.

Penalties: If an employer violates the rules, a Rs. 50,000 fine may be assessed and the licence may be suspended.

A female who has been wronged has three months (the SC says this can be extended) to file a written complaint with the ICC.

The committee may attempt to mediate a resolution before opening an investigation.

The Committee has the same power as a civil court when it comes to ordering the investigation, which must be finished in 90 days, and it operates in accordance with natural justice principles.

Legal problems and loopholes:

This law is not gender-neutral.

The ICC constitution is referenced in law in a highly ambiguous manner (includes only personnel from the company itself).

Actions against malicious complaints might deter women from reporting crimes.

Conclusion: If public knowledge, sensitivity, and effective execution are ensured, a law as groundbreaking as Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace will have significant social ramifications.

The National Commission for Women Act, 1990 established the National Commission for Women (NCW), a statutory body of the Government of India, on January 31, 1992.

The following are the things it is mandated to do: Review the constitutional and legal protections for women; Make recommendations for corrective legislation;

Facilitate the resolution of disputes and provide government advice on all issues of policy that affect women.

Investigate and look into any issues relating to the protections offered to women by the Constitution and other laws.

Inform the Central Government of the success of those measures.

Include suggestions for the efficient implementation of certain protections in such reports.

Make legislative amendments to fix any shortcomings in the statute.

Investigate complaints and take action on your own when women’s rights are being violated.

GS Paper 3

Preliminary context for basmati rice: The new authenticity regulations seek to ban inferior kinds from sale.

What are the problems?

Nearly three-quarters of the world’s basmati rice is produced in India, yet a large number of recently developed types lack the distinctive popcorn-like scent that makes this rice so coveted.

In order to remove inferior types (sub-standards) of basmati off the market, the UK and EU rice organisations have proposed new regulations that will go into effect at the beginning of 2023.

What kind of rice is considered Basmati Rice?

Grain must meet specific requirements in order to be classified as basmati, including aroma (caused by the BADH2 gene), grain length and width, and cooked texture. They must also have a moderate amount of amylose, a component of the rice’s starch.

Since 2017, the Indian Patent Office has granted GI status to Basmati rice, preserving the long-grain, fragrant rice’s global exclusivity.

Event of tidal disturbance

Space Context: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) telescopes recently caught a gigantic black hole gorging on a star.

The term “tidal disruption event” refers to the astronomical phenomena of a black hole destroying a star (TDE)

TDE information: A tidal force is the variation in gravity between two places. A body will get disrupted if the tidal force acting on it is larger than the intermolecular force holding it together.

The star nearby gets disturbed by a black hole’s tidal force during a TDE. The gravitational pull of the black hole attracts the other half of the star’s debris, leaving about half of it on its original course. A tidal disruption event, also known as a short-lived flare of emission, is caused by the slow increase of this material tied to the black hole.

The phenomenon, officially known as AT2021ehb, occurred in a galaxy with a black hole at its centre that has a mass around 10 million times that of the sun.

Astronomers are drawn to TDEs due to their observability, brief lifetime, and the chance to learn more about how black holes’ gravitational pull affect the environment.

India is a significant market for cloud services with a sizable start-up ecosystem.

Science and technology developments, as well as how they are applied and impact daily life Context: One of the biggest cloud service providers in India, AWS, has offered start-up credits that let aspiring entrepreneurs access a range of services, including hosting, computation, and storage, for free.

India has the third-largest startup industry worldwide. In India, there are now 84,012 registered startups, up from 452 in 2016 during the previous five years.

While startups in India operate in a range of sectors, including financial technology, gaming, and health technology, many of them are located on the cloud—the online servers and data storage.

Numerous incentives are being provided by data storage businesses to entice and keep these cloud-based start-ups on their systems.

Cloud Computing: What is it?

With pay-as-you-go (pay for a service before you use it) pricing, it is the on-demand supply of IT resources (computing power, storage, and databases) over the Internet from a cloud provider like AWS.

Active Village Program (VVP)

Prelims

Context: Border-guarding forces are being urged by the Union Home Minister to support the Vibrant Village Program and guarantee that welfare initiatives are carried out.

HM’s key points are as follows: Fences and soldiers on the ground were required, but only when “we construct villages with people who are concerned for the country” can borders be genuinely protected.

regarding the VVP

To improve the infrastructure in border communities along India’s border with China, it was announced in the 2022–23 budget.

Housing, tourism development, road infrastructure, renewable energy, livelihood creation, etc. are some of the activities.

increases community awareness of border management

Other programmes of a similar nature include the Border Infrastructure and Management Scheme and the Border Area Development Programme (BADP).

Social cooperative

Governmental initiatives and policies

Shri Amit Shah, Union Minister of Housing and Cooperation, opened the Mega Dairy in Mandya, Karnataka.

Key details are highlighted:

In the following three years, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and Ministry of Cooperation will establish primary dairy in every panchayat of the nation. Amul and Nandini will collaborate to establish a primary dairy in every village of Karnataka, and in that time, there won’t be a single village in that state without a primary dairy.

Computerization of 63,000 PACS is being done nationwide to increase transparency in cooperatives for a cost of Rs 2,500 crore.

70% of farmers in the nation are covered by the cooperative through PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Society).

Karnataka cooperatives: The Nandini brand pays around 23 lakh farmers, the majority of whom are women, Rs 28 crore every day, improving their standard of living.

The cooperative movement began in Karnataka in 1905 with the establishment of the nation’s first cooperative association (Cooperative in banking was 1st established in 1903 in Bengal)

In Karnataka, there are currently 15,210 village-level cooperative dairies, and every day, 26.22 lakh farmers give their milk through 16 district-level dairies, and Rs 28 crore enters their accounts.

9 lakh cooperatives exist in India, out of the 30 lakh cooperatives that exist worldwide.

India’s populace is 91 percent affiliated with cooperatives in some capacity, and cooperatives provide PACS coverage to 70 percent of the nation’s farmers.

Contributions: Cooperative societies account for 19% of our agriculture financing, 35% of fertiliser distribution, 30% of fertiliser production, 40% of sugar production, 13% of wheat procurement, and 20% of paddy procurement.

Cooperative is Mass Production for and by the Masses.

Effective models: Amul, Kribhco, IFFCO, and Lizzat Papad have provided the globe with a successful example.

Farmers’ fortunes have transformed as a result of the White Revolution in Gujarat, and Amul deposits 60,000 crore rupees into the bank accounts of roughly 36 lakh women every year.

Other government initiatives

an independent “Ministry of Cooperation” with the “Sahkar se Samriddhi” vision (Prosperity through Cooperation)

The Ksheer Bhagya plan Through cooperatives, the Karnataka government offers free milk to schools and Anganwadis five days a week (KMF).

Constitutional provisions: The Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2011, established a new Part IXBright regulating the cooperatives operating in India, after Part IXA (Municipals).

Section 19(1)(c): In Article 19(1), the phrase “cooperatives” was added after “unions and associations” (c). This gives cooperatives the status of a fundamental citizen right, enabling all citizens to create them.

Article 43B, titled “Promotion of Cooperative Societies,” was added to the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV).

56 public schools in Punjab now have caste names.

Governmental initiatives and policies

Context: 56 state-run schools with names that made reference to any caste or community were given new names by the Punjab government.

The bulk of the 28 schools on the list, according to a review of the list, contained the word “Bazigar” after their names, mostly because those colonies are home to people from the Bazigar community. In Punjab, Bazigar is a recognised Scheduled Caste community.

In a state where casteism is still pervasive, especially in rural regions where there are still separate gurdwaras and cremation grounds for persons from Scheduled Castes, the Punjab government’s decision to remove references to caste or community from school names gains significance.

The schools now go by new names that are either derived from the names of the nearby villages, heroes, martyrs, or well-known individuals. For instance, the GPS Bhim Rao Ambedkar Mission has replaced the name of the Government Primary School, Balmiki Mohalla in Block-3 of Samana (Patiala).

Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions, and Bodies Established for the Protection and Betterment of These Vulnerable Sections Issued by NCW on Sexual Harassment Prevention

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act of 2013 has been vigorously enforced at coaching centres and educational institutions, the National Commission for Women (NCW) has requested.

The Commission has also requested that awareness campaigns on the Act be held among all interested parties in order to guarantee that instances of sexual harassment at work are properly and efficiently reported.

to guarantee that the people in charge of running these coaching centres have their backgrounds checked and that the centres are registered with the appropriate authorities.

Act of 2013 against Sexual Harassment of Women at Work:

Background:

The Supreme Court established the Vishakha Guidelines (in Vishakha and others v. The State of Rajasthan, 1997) with the main objective of developing a framework for processes for handling complaints about workplace sexual misconduct.

These rules served as the inspiration for the Act of 2013.

Concerning the Act of 2013:

Its objective is to protect women’s rights at work and provide a safer environment for them there. It also provides a platform for both preventing and solving issues.

Provisions of the Act: The Act is applicable to both organised and unorganised sectors in all industries.

It describes a workplace as an expanded space that includes every location that an employee goes to while performing work-related duties, such as a place of transportation.

Any company or organisation with more than 10 workers must set up an internal complaint committee (ICC) to investigate and respond to claims of sexual harassment.

For each district with fewer than ten employees, there is a local complaints committee.

Employer responsibilities: The employer is required to inform employees on the composition of the ICC as well as the legal repercussions of engaging in sexual harassment-related activities.

Penalties: If an employer violates the rules, a Rs. 50,000 fine may be assessed and the licence may be suspended.

A female who has been wronged has three months (the SC says this can be extended) to file a written complaint with the ICC.

The committee may attempt to mediate a resolution before opening an investigation.

The Committee has the same power as a civil court when it comes to ordering the investigation, which must be finished in 90 days, and it operates in accordance with natural justice principles.

Legal problems and loopholes:

This law is not gender-neutral.

The ICC constitution is referenced in law in a highly ambiguous manner (includes only personnel from the company itself).

Actions against malicious complaints might deter women from reporting crimes.

Conclusion: If public knowledge, sensitivity, and effective execution are ensured, a law as groundbreaking as Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace will have significant social ramifications.

The National Commission for Women Act, 1990 established the National Commission for Women (NCW), a statutory body of the Government of India, on January 31, 1992.

The following are the things it is mandated to do: Review the constitutional and legal protections for women; Make recommendations for corrective legislation;

Facilitate the resolution of disputes and provide government advice on all issues of policy that affect women.

Investigate and look into any issues relating to the protections offered to women by the Constitution and other laws.

Inform the Central Government of the success of those measures.

Include suggestions for the efficient implementation of certain protections in such reports.

Make legislative amendments to fix any shortcomings in the statute.

Investigate complaints and take action on your own when women’s rights are being violated.

GS Paper 3

Preliminary context for basmati rice: The new authenticity regulations seek to ban inferior kinds from sale.

What are the problems?

Nearly three-quarters of the world’s basmati rice is produced in India, yet a large number of recently developed types lack the distinctive popcorn-like scent that makes this rice so coveted.

In order to remove inferior types (sub-standards) of basmati off the market, the UK and EU rice organisations have proposed new regulations that will go into effect at the beginning of 2023.

What kind of rice is considered Basmati Rice?

Grain must meet specific requirements in order to be classified as basmati, including aroma (caused by the BADH2 gene), grain length and width, and cooked texture. They must also have a moderate amount of amylose, a component of the rice’s starch.

Since 2017, the Indian Patent Office has granted GI status to Basmati rice, preserving the long-grain, fragrant rice’s global exclusivity.

Event of tidal disturbance

Space Context: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) telescopes recently caught a gigantic black hole gorging on a star.

The term “tidal disruption event” refers to the astronomical phenomena of a black hole destroying a star (TDE)

TDE information: A tidal force is the variation in gravity between two places. A body will get disrupted if the tidal force acting on it is larger than the intermolecular force holding it together.

The star nearby gets disturbed by a black hole’s tidal force during a TDE. The gravitational pull of the black hole attracts the other half of the star’s debris, leaving about half of it on its original course. A tidal disruption event, also known as a short-lived flare of emission, is caused by the slow increase of this material tied to the black hole.

The phenomenon, officially known as AT2021ehb, occurred in a galaxy with a black hole at its centre that has a mass around 10 million times that of the sun.

Astronomers are drawn to TDEs due to their observability, brief lifetime, and the chance to learn more about how black holes’ gravitational pull affect the environment.

India is a significant market for cloud services with a sizable start-up ecosystem.

Science and technology developments, as well as how they are applied and impact daily life Context: One of the biggest cloud service providers in India, AWS, has offered start-up credits that let aspiring entrepreneurs access a range of services, including hosting, computation, and storage, for free.

India has the third-largest startup industry worldwide. In India, there are now 84,012 registered startups, up from 452 in 2016 during the previous five years.

While startups in India operate in a range of sectors, including financial technology, gaming, and health technology, many of them are located on the cloud—the online servers and data storage.

Numerous incentives are being provided by data storage businesses to entice and keep these cloud-based start-ups on their systems.

Cloud Computing: What is it?

With pay-as-you-go (pay for a service before you use it) pricing, it is the on-demand supply of IT resources (computing power, storage, and databases) over the Internet from a cloud provider like AWS.

Who makes use of the cloud COMPUTING?

The cloud is being used by businesses of all shapes, sizes, and sectors for a wide range of use cases. For instance, online games are being delivered to millions of gamers worldwide by video game developers using the cloud.

Cloud computing categories: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service are the three basic categories of cloud computing (SaaS).

the advantages of cloud computing

Agility: The cloud makes it simple to access a wide variety of technologies, allowing one to innovate more quickly and create almost anything they can envision.

Elasticity: With cloud computing, one can accommodate future peaks in company activity without having to over-provision resources now.

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worldwide deploy in a few minutes

The significance of cloud services in India:

Potential: From now until 2027, the cloud computing industry in India is expected to grow at a 28.1% CAGR.

Promoting e-governance: By offering a quicker, simpler, and more affordable platform that can be utilised by numerous government organisations, cloud computing can advance the goals of e-governance, including service delivery, transparency, citizen awareness, and grievance redressal.

The Indian government created “GI Cloud” or “Meghraj” to take advantage of cloud computing.

The goal of this programme is to maximise government ICT spending while accelerating the delivery of e-services in the nation.

fostering the startup ecosystem

Small and medium-sized organisations in India are quickly embracing cloud computing, which is emerging as the key factor driving the market.

Cloud services have assisted in “compressing” the lifecycle of a startup, helping it to become more innovative. These services may simulate experiments on the cloud, execute tests, and learn from unsuccessful attempts.

For instance, feature phones could book about 50 million immunisation appointments thanks to an app created by HealthifyMe called “Vaccinate Me.”

Cloud services are increasingly linking to startups in tier 2 and tier 3 locations, offering training in cloud computing to people with less formal education.

In order to advance the cloud computing ecosystem in India, consideration must be given to security, interoperability, licencing, bridging the digital divide, etc.

GS Paper 4

Note from the President to IPS Probationers

Context: Smt. Droupadi Murmu, the President of India, spoke to the Indian Police Service’s 74th batch of probationers at the Hyderabad-based Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy.

The upkeep of law and order and the proper operation of society depend on policing. A situation where it is simple to be a moral opportunist and utilise immoral behaviour as a method of job development is created by the lack of a professional code of ethics.

The police are the branch of government that receives the greatest attention.

The efficacy and morale of the troops they led would depend on how well they led. She instructed them to remember and exhibit the five core virtues of Integrity, Impartiality, Courage, Competence, and Sensitivity via their actions.

In order for India to increase its prosperity while ensuring sustainable development, including inclusiveness, police personnel will act as change agents.

In order to meet the goals we set for ourselves during the “Amrit Kaal,” Nari Shakti must play a significant role. Atmanirbhar Nari is a prerequisite for an authentic “Atmanirbhar Bharat.”

Why is police ethics unique?

The moral principles of life and liberty are basic. The police must take a wide range of factors into account while making moral judgements. People must consider their motivations, goals, and intended outcomes before doing any action. They must carry out their duties in accordance with the laws in effect at the time. Police officers may encounter danger or hostility while performing their duties; they are more likely than workers in other professions to feel a variety of emotions, including fear, anger, suspicion, excitement, and boredom. They must be emotionally sophisticated in order to be able to react to these emotions appropriately in order to function as police.  

GS Paper 1

GS Paper 2

वाइब्रेंट विलेज प्रोग्राम (वीवीपी)

संदर्भ: केंद्रीय गृह मंत्री ने सीमा-रक्षक बलों से वाइब्रेंट ग्राम कार्यक्रम को मजबूत करने और कल्याणकारी कार्यक्रमों को लागू करने को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कहा

एचएम द्वारा हाइलाइट किए गए मुख्य बिंदु: जमीन पर सैनिक और बाड़ लगाना आवश्यक था लेकिन सीमाओं को सही मायने में सुरक्षित किया जा सकता है जब “हम ऐसे लोगों के साथ गांव बनाते हैं जो देश के लिए चिंतित हैं”

वीवीपी के बारे में:

इसकी घोषणा 2022-23 के बजट में चीन के साथ भारत की सीमा से सटे सीमावर्ती गांवों में बुनियादी ढांचे को बढ़ाने के उद्देश्य से की गई थी।

गतिविधियों में आवास, पर्यटन संवर्धन, सड़क अवसंरचना, नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा, आजीविका सृजन आदि शामिल हैं।

सीमा प्रबंधन में सामुदायिक ज्ञान को बढ़ावा देता है

इसी तरह की अन्य पहलें: सीमा क्षेत्र विकास कार्यक्रम (बीएडीपी); सीमा अवसंरचना और प्रबंधन योजना आदि।

सहयोगी समाज

संदर्भ: केंद्रीय गृह और सहकारिता मंत्री श्री अमित शाह ने कर्नाटक के मांड्या में मेगा डेयरी का उद्घाटन किया

हाइलाइट किए गए मुख्य बिंदु:

राष्ट्रीय डेयरी विकास बोर्ड (एनडीडीबी) और सहकारिता मंत्रालय अगले तीन वर्षों में देश की प्रत्येक पंचायत में प्राथमिक डेयरी स्थापित करेगा।

अमूल और नंदिनी मिलकर कर्नाटक के हर गांव में एक प्राथमिक डेयरी स्थापित करने की दिशा में काम करेंगे और तीन साल में कर्नाटक में एक भी गांव बिना प्राथमिक डेयरी के नहीं होगा

सहकारी समितियों में पारदर्शिता लाने के लिए देश भर में 2500 करोड़ रुपये की लागत से 63000 पैक्स का कम्प्यूटरीकरण किया जा रहा है।

PACS (प्राथमिक कृषि साख समिति) के माध्यम से सहकारी समिति देश के 70% किसानों को कवर करती है

कर्नाटक में सहकारिता:

कर्नाटक में नंदिनी ब्रांड के तहत लगभग 23 लाख किसानों, ज्यादातर महिलाओं को प्रति दिन 28 करोड़ रुपये का भुगतान किया जाता है, जो उनके जीवन को और समृद्ध बना रहा है।

पूरे देश में पहली सहकारी समिति कर्नाटक में 1905 में स्थापित हुई और वहीं से सहकारिता आंदोलन की शुरुआत हुई (1903 में बंगाल में सहकारी समिति की स्थापना हुई)

आज कर्नाटक में 15,210 ग्राम-स्तरीय सहकारी डेयरियां हैं, जिनमें लगभग 26.22 लाख किसान 16 जिला-स्तरीय डेयरियों के माध्यम से प्रतिदिन अपना दूध पहुंचाते हैं और प्रतिदिन 26 लाख किसानों के खातों में 28 करोड़ रुपये जाते हैं।

भारत में सहकारिता:

पूरी दुनिया में 30 लाख सहकारी समितियों में से 9 लाख सहकारी समितियाँ भारत में हैं

देश की आबादी के 91% गांव सहकारिता से जुड़े हैं i

योगदान: हमारे कृषि वित्त का 19% सहकारी समितियों के माध्यम से, 35% उर्वरक वितरण के माध्यम से, 30% उर्वरक उत्पादन के माध्यम से, 40% चीनी उत्पादन के माध्यम से, 13% गेहूं और 20% धान की खरीद केवल सहकारी समितियों के माध्यम से होती है

सहकारिता जनता के लिए उत्पादन, जनता द्वारा उत्पादन है

सफल मॉडल: अमूल, कृभको, इफको और लिज्जत पापड़ ने दुनिया के सामने पेश की सफल मिसाल

गुजरात में श्वेत क्रांति ने किसानों का भाग्य बदल दिया और अमूल के माध्यम से लगभग 36 लाख महिलाओं के बैंक खातों में सालाना 60,000 करोड़ रुपये जमा किए गए

अन्य सरकारी योजनाएँ:

‘सहकार से समृद्धि’ (सहकार के माध्यम से समृद्धि) की दृष्टि से एक अलग ‘सहकारिता मंत्रालय’

क्षीर भाग्य योजना: कर्नाटक सरकार सहकारी समितियों (केएमएफ) के माध्यम से सप्ताह में 5 दिन स्कूलों और आंगनवाड़ी को मुफ्त दूध उपलब्ध करा रही है।

संवैधानिक प्रावधान:

संविधान (97वां संशोधन) अधिनियम, 2011 ने भारत में कार्यरत सहकारी समितियों के संबंध में भाग IXA (नगरपालिकाओं) के बाद एक नया भाग IXBright जोड़ा।

अनुच्छेद 19 (1) (सी): अनुच्छेद 19 (1) (सी) में “संघों और संघों” के बाद “सहकारिता” शब्द जोड़ा गया था। यह सभी नागरिकों को नागरिकों के मौलिक अधिकार का दर्जा देकर सहकारी समितियों का गठन करने में सक्षम बनाता है

“सहकारी समितियों के प्रचार” के संबंध में राज्य के नीति निदेशक सिद्धांतों (भाग IV) में अनुच्छेद 43बी जोड़ा गया था

पंजाब में 56 सरकारी स्कूलों के नाम पर जाति का टैग लगा दिया गया है

संदर्भ: पंजाब सरकार ने 56 सरकारी स्कूलों का नाम बदलने का आदेश दिया है, जिनके मौजूदा नाम में किसी भी जाति या समुदाय का संदर्भ था।

सूची के विश्लेषण से पता चलता है कि 28 स्कूलों में से अधिकांश के नाम के साथ ‘बाजीगर’ जुड़ा हुआ था, मुख्यतः क्योंकि वे बाजीगर समुदाय की आबादी वाले कालोनियों में स्थित हैं। बाजीगर पंजाब में एक अधिसूचित अनुसूचित जाति समुदाय है।

स्कूल के नामों से जाति या समुदाय के संदर्भ को हटाने का पंजाब सरकार का कदम उस राज्य में महत्व रखता है जहां जातिवाद गहरी जड़ें जमाए हुए है, खासकर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में जहां अभी भी अनुसूचित जाति के लोगों के लिए अलग गुरुद्वारे और श्मशान घाट मौजूद हैं।

स्कूलों का नाम अब या तो उस गांव के नाम पर रखा गया है, जहां वे स्थित हैं, या किसी स्थानीय नायक, शहीद या किसी ज्ञात व्यक्ति के नाम पर। उदाहरण के लिए समाना (पटियाला) के ब्लॉक-3 स्थित राजकीय प्राथमिक विद्यालय बाल्मीकि मोहल्ला का नाम बदलकर जीपीएस भीम राव अंबेडकर मिशन कर दिया गया है।

एनसीडब्ल्यू यौन उत्पीड़न की रोकथाम पर ज्ञापन जारी करता है

इन कमजोर वर्गों के संरक्षण और बेहतरी के लिए गठित तंत्र, कानून, संस्थाएं और निकाय

संदर्भ: राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग (NCW) ने सभी राज्यों को यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कहा है कि कोचिंग सेंटर और शैक्षणिक संस्थान कार्यस्थल पर महिलाओं के यौन उत्पीड़न (रोकथाम, निषेध और निवारण) अधिनियम, 2013 को सख्ती से लागू करें।

आयोग ने यह भी पूछा है:

यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सभी हितधारकों के बीच अधिनियम पर जागरूकता कार्यक्रम आयोजित करना कि काम पर यौन उत्पीड़न के मामले जिम्मेदारी से और प्रभावी ढंग से रिपोर्ट किए जाते हैं।

यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि ये कोचिंग सेंटर संबंधित अधिकारियों के पास पंजीकृत हैं और केंद्रों को चलाने के लिए जिम्मेदार लोगों की पृष्ठभूमि की जांच की जाती है।

कार्यस्थल पर महिलाओं का यौन उत्पीड़न अधिनियम, 2013:

पृष्ठभूमि:

विशाखा दिशानिर्देश सर्वोच्च न्यायालय (विशाखा और अन्य बनाम राजस्थान राज्य 1997 में) द्वारा कार्यस्थल यौन दुराचार निवारण और शिकायत प्रक्रियाओं के लिए एक रूपरेखा तैयार करने के प्राथमिक लक्ष्य के साथ जारी किए गए थे।

2013 का अधिनियम इन दिशानिर्देशों से प्रेरित था।

2013 के अधिनियम के बारे में:

उद्देश्य: इसका लक्ष्य कार्यस्थल पर महिलाओं के अधिकारों की रक्षा करना और कार्यस्थल को उनके लिए एक सुरक्षित स्थान बनाना है। यह समस्याओं से बचने और उनका समाधान करने दोनों के लिए एक मंच के रूप में भी कार्य करता है।

अधिनियम के प्रावधान:

यह संगठित और असंगठित क्षेत्रों सहित सभी क्षेत्रों पर लागू होता है।

यह एक कार्यस्थल को एक विस्तारित स्थान के रूप में परिभाषित करता है जिसमें किसी कर्मचारी द्वारा अपने रोजगार के दौरान यात्रा की गई किसी भी जगह को शामिल किया जाता है जिसमें परिवहन आदि शामिल होता है।

आंतरिक शिकायत समिति (आईसीसी): 10 से अधिक कर्मचारियों वाला कोई भी निगम या संगठन यौन उत्पीड़न के आरोपों को सुनने और संबोधित करने के लिए आईसीसी की स्थापना करेगा।

प्रत्येक जिले में स्थानीय शिकायत समिति जहां 10 से कम कर्मचारी हैं।

नियोक्ता के कर्तव्य: नियोक्ता को यौन उत्पीड़न से संबंधित गतिविधियों में संलग्न होने के कानूनी नतीजों के साथ-साथ आईसीसी की संरचना का खुलासा करना चाहिए।

जुर्माना: यदि कोई नियोक्ता नियमों का पालन करने में विफल रहता है, तो रुपये का जुर्माना। 50000 लगाया जा सकता है, और लाइसेंस रद्द किया जा सकता है।

अपनाई जाने वाली प्रक्रिया:

एक पीड़ित महिला के पास ICC के पास लिखित शिकायत करने के लिए 3 महीने (SC के अनुसार, इसे बढ़ाया जा सकता है) है।

जांच शुरू करने से पहले, समिति मध्यस्थता के माध्यम से मामले को सुलझाने का प्रयास कर सकती है।

जांच का निर्देश देते हुए (90 दिनों में पूरा किया जाना है), समिति के पास सिविल कोर्ट के समान अधिकार है और प्राकृतिक न्याय सिद्धांतों के अनुसार काम करता है।

कानून में खामियां और मुद्दे:

लिंग-तटस्थ कानून नहीं।

आईसीसी संविधान के संबंध में विधान बहुत अस्पष्ट है (इसमें केवल कंपनी के कर्मचारी ही शामिल हैं)।

दुर्भावनापूर्ण शिकायतों के खिलाफ आवश्यक कदम महिलाओं को आगे आने से हतोत्साहित करेंगे।

निष्कर्ष: यदि सार्वजनिक जागरूकता, संवेदनशीलता और मजबूत कार्यान्वयन सुनिश्चित किया जाता है, तो कार्यस्थल पर महिलाओं के यौन उत्पीड़न जैसे क्रांतिकारी कानून के बड़े सामाजिक निहितार्थ होंगे।

राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग (NCW):

यह भारत सरकार का एक वैधानिक निकाय है जिसकी स्थापना 31 जनवरी, 1992 को राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग अधिनियम, 1990 द्वारा की गई थी।

इसका जनादेश निम्नलिखित कार्य करना है:

महिलाओं के लिए संवैधानिक और कानूनी सुरक्षा उपायों की समीक्षा करें;

उपचारात्मक विधायी उपायों की सिफारिश करना;

शिकायतों के निवारण की सुविधा और

महिलाओं को प्रभावित करने वाले सभी नीतिगत मामलों पर सरकार को सलाह देना।

कार्य:

संविधान और अन्य कानून के तहत महिलाओं को प्रदान की गई सुरक्षा से संबंधित सभी मुद्दों की जांच और जांच करें।

केंद्र सरकार को उन सुरक्षा उपायों की प्रभावशीलता पर रिपोर्ट।

उन सुरक्षाओं के प्रभावी अनुप्रयोग के लिए ऐसी रिपोर्टों में सिफारिशें करें।

कानूनों में किसी भी तरह की खामियों को दूर करने के लिए सुधारात्मक विधायी कार्रवाई का प्रस्ताव।

महिलाओं के अधिकारों के हनन से जुड़े मामलों में शिकायतों की जांच करें और स्वत: संज्ञान लेते हुए कार्रवाई करें।

GS Paper 3

GNB1 एन्सेफैलोपैथी

संदर्भ: भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान (IIT), मद्रास, तेल अवीव विश्वविद्यालय और कोलंबिया विश्वविद्यालय के शोधकर्ता “GNB1 एन्सेफैलोपैथी” नामक एक दुर्लभ आनुवंशिक मस्तिष्क रोग का अध्ययन कर रहे हैं और इसका प्रभावी ढंग से इलाज करने के लिए एक दवा विकसित करने की कोशिश कर रहे हैं।

GNB1 एन्सेफैलोपैथी के बारे में:

GNB1 एन्सेफैलोपैथी एक प्रकार का तंत्रिका संबंधी विकार है, जो भ्रूण अवस्था में व्यक्तियों को प्रभावित करता है।

वैज्ञानिकों का कहना है कि शारीरिक और मानसिक विकास में देरी, बौद्धिक अक्षमता और बार-बार मिर्गी के दौरे आना इस बीमारी के शुरुआती लक्षणों में से हैं

GNB1 जीन में एक एकल न्यूक्लियोटाइड उत्परिवर्तन जो G-प्रोटीन में से एक बनाता है, “Gβ1 प्रोटीन,” इस बीमारी का कारण बनता है।

GNB1 उत्परिवर्तन के साथ पैदा हुए बच्चे मानसिक और शारीरिक विकास में देरी, मिर्गी (मस्तिष्क की असामान्य गतिविधि) और चलने-फिरने की समस्याओं का अनुभव करते हैं।

बासमती चावल

प्रसंग: नए प्रामाणिकता नियमों का उद्देश्य बाजार से उप-मानक किस्मों को हटाना है

मुद्दे किस बारे में हैं?

भारत दुनिया के बासमती का लगभग तीन-चौथाई उत्पादन करता है, हालांकि, बड़ी संख्या में नई खेती की जाने वाली किस्मों में अद्वितीय पॉपकॉर्न जैसी सुगंध की कमी होती है जो इस चावल को इतना लोकप्रिय बनाने में मदद करती है।

इसलिए, यूके और ईयू के चावल संघों ने नए नियम पेश किए हैं जो 2023 की शुरुआत में लागू होंगे, जिनका उद्देश्य बासमती की कम किस्मों (उप-मानक) को बाजार से हटाना है।

कौन सा चावल बासमती चावल के रूप में योग्य है?

बासमती के रूप में अर्हता प्राप्त करने के लिए, अनाज को सुगंध (BADH2 जीन के कारण), अनाज की लंबाई और चौड़ाई, साथ ही पके हुए बनावट जैसी चीज़ों से संबंधित कुछ मानकों को पूरा करना चाहिए। उनके पास चावल में स्टार्च का एक हिस्सा, एमाइलोज का मध्य-श्रेणी का स्तर भी होना चाहिए।

2017 से, भारतीय पेटेंट कार्यालय ने बासमती चावल के लिए जीआई टैग दिया है, जिससे दुनिया भर में लंबे दाने वाले सुगंधित चावल की विशिष्टता की रक्षा होती है।

ज्वारीय व्यवधान घटना

संदर्भ: नेशनल एरोनॉटिक्स एंड स्पेस एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन (NASA) द्वारा संचालित टेलीस्कोप ने हाल ही में एक विशाल ब्लैक होल को एक तारे को निगलते हुए देखा।

ब्लैक होल द्वारा किसी तारे के विनाश की खगोलीय घटना को औपचारिक रूप से टाइडल डिसरप्शन इवेंट (TDE) कहा जाता है।

टीडीई के बारे में:

ज्वारीय बल दो बिंदुओं के बीच गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल में अंतर है। यदि किसी पिंड पर लगने वाला ज्वारीय बल, उसे एक साथ रखने वाले अंतराण्विक बल से अधिक है, तो पिंड अस्त-व्यस्त हो जाएगा।

TDE के दौरान, ब्लैक होल का ज्वारीय बल आसपास के तारे को बाधित करता है। जबकि तारे का लगभग आधा मलबा अपने मूल पथ पर जारी है, अन्य आधा ब्लैक होल के गुरुत्वाकर्षण खिंचाव से आकर्षित होता है। ब्लैक होल से जुड़ी इस सामग्री की क्रमिक वृद्धि उत्सर्जन की एक अल्पकालिक चमक पैदा करती है, जिसे ज्वारीय विघटन घटना के रूप में जाना जाता है।

इस घटना को औपचारिक रूप से एटी2021ईएचबी कहा जाता है और एक आकाशगंगा में एक केंद्रीय ब्लैक होल के साथ हमारे सूर्य के द्रव्यमान का लगभग 10 मिलियन गुना अधिक होता है।

TDE खगोलविदों के लिए आकर्षक हैं क्योंकि उनकी अवलोकन क्षमता और छोटी अवधि, और उनके आसपास सामग्री पर ब्लैक होल के गुरुत्वाकर्षण के प्रभाव का अध्ययन करने का अवसर है।

बड़े स्टार्ट–अप इकोसिस्टम के साथ, भारत क्लाउड सेवाओं के लिए एक बड़ा बाजार है

संदर्भ: क्लाउड-आधारित सेवाओं के भारत के सबसे बड़े प्रदाताओं में से एक, AWS या Amazon Web Services ने स्टार्ट-अप क्रेडिट प्रदान किया है, जो आकांक्षी स्टार्टअप को कंप्यूटिंग, स्टोरेज और होस्टिंग से सेवाओं के एक सूट का मुफ्त में उपयोग करने की अनुमति देता है।

पृष्ठभूमि:

भारत में दुनिया का तीसरा सबसे बड़ा स्टार्टअप है पिछले 5 वर्षों में, भारत में पंजीकृत स्टार्टअप की संख्या 2016 में 452 से बढ़कर 84,012 हो गई है।

जबकि भारत में स्टार्टअप वित्तीय तकनीक, गेमिंग और स्वास्थ्य तकनीक से लेकर कई तरह के उद्योग हैं, कई क्लाउड पर आधारित हैं – सर्वर और डेटा स्टोरेज इंटरनेट के माध्यम से सुलभ हैं।

डेटा-स्टोरेज कंपनियां इन क्लाउड-आधारित स्टार्ट-अप को अपने प्लेटफॉर्म पर आकर्षित करने और बनाए रखने के लिए कई तरह के प्रोत्साहन की पेशकश कर रही हैं।

क्या है क्लाऊड कम्प्यूटिंग?

यह AWS जैसे क्लाउड प्रदाता से इंटरनेट पर पे-एज-यू-गो (किसी सेवा का उपयोग करने से पहले भुगतान करें) मूल्य निर्धारण के साथ आईटी संसाधनों (कंप्यूटिंग पावर, स्टोरेज और डेटाबेस) की ऑन-डिमांड डिलीवरी है।

क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग का उपयोग कौन कर रहा है?

प्रत्येक प्रकार, आकार और उद्योग के संगठन विभिन्न प्रकार के उपयोग मामलों के लिए क्लाउड का उपयोग कर रहे हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, वीडियो गेम निर्माता दुनिया भर के लाखों खिलाड़ियों को ऑनलाइन गेम वितरित करने के लिए क्लाउड का उपयोग कर रहे हैं।

क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग के प्रकार: क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग के तीन मुख्य प्रकारों में इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर एज ए सर्विस (IaaS), प्लेटफॉर्म एज ए सर्विस (PaaS) और सॉफ्टवेयर एज ए सर्विस (SaaS) शामिल हैं।

क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग के लाभ:

चपलता: क्लाउड प्रौद्योगिकियों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला तक आसान पहुंच प्रदान करता है ताकि कोई तेजी से नवाचार कर सके और लगभग कुछ भी बना सके जिसकी कोई कल्पना कर सकता है।

लोच: क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग के साथ, किसी को भविष्य में व्यावसायिक गतिविधि के चरम स्तर को संभालने के लिए संसाधनों का अधिक प्रावधान नहीं करना पड़ता है।

लागत बचत

मिनटों में विश्व स्तर पर परिनियोजित करें

क्लाउड सेवाएं और भारत में उनका महत्व:

संभावित: भारत में क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग बाजार अब और 2027 के बीच 28.1% की दर से विकसित होने का अनुमान है।

ई-गवर्नेंस को बढ़ावा देना:

क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग ई-गवर्नेंस के मकसद को आगे बढ़ा सकती है – सेवा वितरण, पारदर्शिता, नागरिक जागरूकता और शिकायत निवारण, एक तेज, आसान और लागत प्रभावी मंच प्रदान करके जिसका उपयोग कई सरकारी एजेंसियों द्वारा किया जा सकता है।

क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग के लाभों का दोहन करने के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा “जीआई क्लाउड” – ‘मेघराज’।

इस पहल का फोकस सरकार के आईसीटी खर्च को अनुकूलित करते हुए देश में ई-सेवाओं के वितरण में तेजी लाना है।

स्टार्टअप पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को बढ़ावा देना:

भारत में छोटे और मध्यम आकार के व्यवसायों की बढ़ती संख्या क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग की ओर तेजी से बढ़ रही है जो बाजार के लिए प्रमुख प्रेरक कारक के रूप में उभर रहा है।

क्‍योंकि क्‍लाउड सेवाएं क्‍लाउड पर प्रयोगों का अनुकरण कर सकती हैं, परीक्षण चला सकती हैं और असफल प्रयासों से सीख सकती हैं, इसने स्‍टार्टअप के जीवनचक्र को “संपीड़ित” करने में मदद की है, जिससे वे अधिक नवप्रवर्तक बन सके हैं।

उदाहरण के लिए, HealthifyMe, जिसने ‘वैक्सीनेट मी’ नामक एक ऐप विकसित किया, ने फीचर फोन को लगभग 50 मिलियन टीकाकरण नियुक्तियों को बुक करने की अनुमति दी।

क्लाउड सेवाएं तेजी से टियर 2 और 3 शहरों में स्थित स्टार्ट-अप से जुड़ रही हैं, जो क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग कौशल में न्यूनतम शिक्षा वाले लोगों को भी प्रशिक्षण प्रदान कर रही हैं।

निष्कर्ष: भारत में क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग इकोसिस्टम को बढ़ावा देने के लिए आगे का रास्ता सुरक्षा, इंटरऑपरेबिलिटी, लाइसेंसिंग, डिजिटल डिवाइड को कम करने आदि का ध्यान रखने में निहित है।

GS Paper 4

IPS प्रोबेशनर्स के लिए राष्ट्रपति का नोट

संदर्भ: भारत की राष्ट्रपति श्रीमती द्रौपदी मुर्मू ने सरदार वल्लभभाई पटेल राष्ट्रीय पुलिस अकादमी, हैदराबाद में भारतीय पुलिस सेवा के 74वें बैच के परिवीक्षार्थियों को संबोधित किया।

पुलिसिंग कानून और व्यवस्था बनाए रखने और समाज के सुचारू कामकाज के लिए आवश्यक है। नैतिकता के एक पेशेवर कोड की अनुपस्थिति एक ऐसा परिदृश्य बनाती है जहां नैतिक अवसरवादी होना आसान होता है और कैरियर की उन्नति के साधन के रूप में अनैतिक आचरण का उपयोग करना आसान होता है।

राष्ट्रपति का नोट:

पुलिस सरकार का सबसे प्रत्यक्ष अंग है।

उनके नेतृत्व की गुणवत्ता उनके नेतृत्व वाले बल की प्रभावशीलता और मनोबल को निर्धारित करेगी। उन्होंने उन्हें ईमानदारी, निष्पक्षता, साहस, क्षमता और संवेदनशीलता के पांच मूलभूत गुणों को ध्यान में रखने और कार्रवाई के माध्यम से प्रदर्शित करने की सलाह दी।

सतत विकास, विशेष रूप से समावेशन सुनिश्चित करते हुए पुलिस अधिकारी भारत की अधिक समृद्धि प्राप्त करने में परिवर्तन एजेंटों की भूमिका निभाने जा रहे हैं।

अमृत काल के दौरान हमने अपने लिए जो लक्ष्य तय किए हैं, उन्हें हासिल करने में नारी शक्ति को अहम भूमिका निभानी है। सही मायने में ‘आत्मनिर्भर भारत’, ‘आत्मनिर्भर नारी’ को पहले से मान लेता है।

पुलिस की नैतिकता अलग क्यों है?

जीवन और स्वतंत्रता मूलभूत नैतिक मूल्य हैं। कोई भी नैतिक निर्णय लेते समय, पुलिस को परिस्थितियों के एक जटिल समूह पर विचार करना पड़ता है। किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा की गई किसी भी कार्रवाई के लिए उन्हें कार्रवाई की प्रेरणा और इरादे और उसके परिणामों को देखना होगा। उन्हें अपना काम उस समय के कानूनों के अनुसार करना होता है,

पुलिस को अपना कर्तव्य निभाने के लिए खतरे या शत्रुता का सामना करना पड़ सकता है; पुलिस अधिकारियों को अन्य व्यवसायों के लोगों की तुलना में डर, क्रोध, संदेह, उत्तेजना और ऊब सहित कई तरह की भावनाओं का अनुभव होने की संभावना है। पुलिस के रूप में प्रभावी ढंग से कार्य करने के लिए, उन्हें इन भावनाओं का सही तरीके से जवाब देने में सक्षम होना चाहिए, जिसके लिए उन्हें भावनात्मक रूप से बुद्धिमान होना आवश्यक है।